The finite element method (FEM) has become a common practice for engineering analysis in different branches of human activities. Many users "idealize" the results obtained with this method. However, it is important to keep in mind that FEM is a numerical method based on certain assumptions. During the formulating of problems, setting the initial data, solid bodies schematization, generation of equations, their numerical solution and visualisation, errors can occur. So, in order to use QForm UK properly and minimize possible errors, the user has to understand how the program works, how it uses the input data, how the initial data influences the simulation results and how to interpret these results properly.

The purpose of this manual is to get the user familiar with the theoretical basis of this program. A deep understanding of the theory permits using the program in the most effective way, albeit with respect to certain restrictions on its application.

Program QForm UK is designed for numerical simulation of metal forming processes using the finite element method. It simulates coupled thermo-mechanical problems of metal forming as well heating and cooling, including ones encountered during the deformation process. The simulation also may include an interaction between the deformed workpiece and deformable tools and equipment.

Mathematical formulation is based on the system of equations, including equilibrium equations, compatibility equations, constitutive equations, material incompressibility, yield criterion, energy balance equations. Flow stress of workpiece material is considered as dependent on strain, strain rate and temperature, and thus is present in initial data. Users can set the dependence of flow stress on other parameters calculated in the user subroutines. The material is considered to be isotropic with isotropic strain hardening. The friction at the contact between the tool and the workpiece can be specified by means of Siebel, Levanov, Coulomb or hybrid friction law.